Geological hazards refer to the geological effects (phenomena) formed under the action of natural or man-made factors, which cause damage and loss to human life, property and environment. Such as landslides, landslides, debris flows, ground fissures, earthquakes, volcanoes and so on.

The main geological hazards of crustal internal structure include earthquake, ground subsidence, subsidence, ground fissure, fault disasters, etc. 

The main geological hazards of the outer crustal structure include landslide, debris flow and flood erosion, sand burial and wind erosion. 

Distributed optical fiber temperature and strain measurement system (BOTDA) is one of the most effective technologies to solve such problems. In geological hazard prone areas, the strain sensing fiber optic cable can be implanted or laid on the geological surface as a sensor to locate the location of strain and stress changes by Brillouin frequency shift, so as to early warn geological changes and realize real-time monitoring of geological stability.